Enoplida

Article By:

Maggenti, Armand R. Division of Nematology, University of California, Davis, California.

Last reviewed:December 2019

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.757280

An order of nematodes characterized by having the cuticle of the cephalic region doubled or formed into a cap or helmet. The helmet results from the infolding of the cuticle over the extreme anterior end of the esophagus. The stoma may or may not possess armature in the form of teeth or movable jaws. Even though the stoma is surrounded by esophageal tissue, the anterior portion of the movable jaws is of cheilostomal origin. The well-developed esophagus is nearly cylindrical and the esophagointestinal valve is prominent. The five esophageal glands are located in the posterior region of the esophagus; however, the orifices for these glands are located anterior to the nerve ring. The dorsal and two anterior subventral glands open at the base of the stoma or through the stomatal teeth. The amphid apertures may be transverse slits or elongate ovals. The cephalic sensilla are most often in two whorls: an anterior circumoral whorl of 6 and a posterior whorl of 10 (6 + 4); in some taxa this whorl is clearly separated into the ancestral state of a circlet of 6 and one of 4. A single medioventral excretory cell is usually present; the orifice is generally at the level of or anterior to the nerve ring. Medioventral supplementary organs may or may not be present on males. The male spicules are paired and accompanied by a gubernaculum. Caudal glands and a cuticular spinneret are found in males and females.

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