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Performance expectations in this DCI help high-school students in pursuing an answer to the question: “How are the characteristics from one generation related to the previous generation?” Students demonstrate understanding of the relationship of DNA and chromosomes in the processes of cellular division that pass traits from one generation to the next. Students can determine why individuals of the same species vary in how they look, function, and behave. Students can develop conceptual models for the role of DNA in the unity of life on Earth and use statistical models to explain the importance of variation within populations for the survival and evolution of species. Ethical issues related to genetic modification of organisms and the nature of science can be described. Students can explain the mechanisms of genetic inheritance, and describe environmental and genetic causes of gene mutation and the alteration of gene expression.