Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Nobel medicine
Physics | Chemistry | Physiology or Medicine
Economic Sciences | Literature | Peace
| Year | Awardee(s) |
|---|---|
2021 |
Awarded to: David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch. |
2020 |
Awarded jointly to: Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton, and Charles M. Rice for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus. |
2019 |
Awarded jointly to: William G. Kaelin, Jr., Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, and Gregg L. Semenza for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability. |
2018 |
Awarded jointly to: James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation. |
2017 |
Awarded jointly to: Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm. |
2016 |
Awarded to: Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy. |
2015 |
Awarded with one half awarded jointly to: William C. Campbell and Satoshi Ōmura for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites, and the other half to: Youyou Tu for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria. |
2014 |
Awarded with one half to: John O'Keefe and the other half jointly to May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain. |
2013 |
Awarded jointly to: James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells. |
2012 |
Awarded jointly to: Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent. |
2011 |
The prize was divided, with one half jointly to: Bruce A. Beutler (AccessScience contributor: Cachexia) and Jules A. Hoffmann for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity. Ralph M. Steinman for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity. |
2010 |
Awarded to: Robert G. Edwards for the development of in vitro fertilization. |
2009 |
Awarded jointly to Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase. |
2008 |
The prize was divided, with one half to: Harald zur Hausen for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer. |
and one half awarded jointly to: Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus. |
|
2007 |
Awarded jointly to: Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, and Oliver Smithies Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans, and Oliver Smithies for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells. |
2006 |
Awarded jointly to: Craig C. Mello and Andrew Z. Fire for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA. |
2005 |
Awarded jointly to J. Robin Warren and Barry J. Marshall for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. |
2004 |
Awarded jointly to: Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck for their discoveries of odorant reception and the organization of the olfactory system. |
2003 |
Awarded jointly to: Peter Mansfield and Paul C. Lauterbur for their work on magnetic resonance imaging. |
2002 |
Awarded jointly to: H. Robert Horvitz, Sydney Brenner and John E. Sulston for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death. |
2001 |
Awarded jointly to: R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt, Paul M. Nurse and Leland H. Hartwell for their discoveries of the regulators of the cell cycle. |
2000 |
Awarded jointly to Paul Greengard, Eric Kandel and Arvid Carlsson for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system. |
1999 |
Awarded to: Günter Blobel (AccessScience contributor: Endoplasmic reticulum) for demonstrating that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell. |
1998 |
Awarded jointly to: Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad and Robert F. Furchgott for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system. |
1997 |
Awarded to: Stanley B. Prusiner for his discovery of prions—a new principle of infection. |
1996 |
Awarded jointly to: Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defense. |
1995 |
Awarded jointly to: Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis (McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology contributor: Allele) for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development. |
1994 |
Awarded jointly to: Martin Rodbell and Alfred G. Gilman for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells. |
1993 |
Awarded jointly to: Richard J. Roberts (AccessScience contributor: Restriction enzyme) and Phillip A. Sharp for their independent discoveries of split genes. |
1992 |
Awarded jointly to: Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism. |
1991 |
Awarded jointly to: Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells. |
1990 |
Awarded jointly to: Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transportation in the treatment of human disease. |
1989 |
Awarded jointly to: J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes. |
1988 |
Awarded jointly to: Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment. |
1987 |
Awarded to: Susumu Tonegawa for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity. |
1986 |
Awarded jointly to: Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen for their discoveries of growth factors. |
1985 |
Awarded jointly to: Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism. |
1984 |
Awarded jointly to: Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler and César Milstein for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies. |
1983 |
Awarded to: Barbara McClintock for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. |
1982 |
Awarded jointly to: Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson and Sir John R. Vane for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances. |
1981 |
One half awarded to: Roger W. Sperry for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres. |
the other half awarded jointly to: David H. Hubel and Torsten N.Wiesel for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system. |
|
1980 |
Awarded jointly to: Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George D. Snell for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions. |
1979 |
Awarded jointly to: Alan M. Cormack and Sir Godfrey N. Hounsfield for the development of computer assisted tomography. |
1978 |
Awarded jointly to: Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics. |
1977 |
One half awarded jointly to: Andrew V. Schally and Roger Guillemin for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain. |
The other half awarded to: Rosalyn Yalow (AccessScience contributor: Radioimmunoassay) for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones. |
|
1976 |
Awarded jointly to: Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases. |
1975 |
Awarded jointly to: David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard Martin Temin (AccessScience contributor: Reverse transcriptase) for discoveries concerning the interaction. |
1974 |
Awarded jointly to: Christian De Duve, George E. Palade and Albert Claude for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell. |
1973 |
Awarded jointly to: Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen and Karl Von Frisch for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns. |
1972 |
Awarded jointly to: Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies. |
1971 |
Awarded to: Earl W. Sutherland for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones. |
1970 |
Awarded jointly to: Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf Von Euler and Julius Axelrod for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation. |
1969 |
Awarded jointly to: Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey and Salvador E. Luria for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses. |
1968 |
Awarded jointly to: Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. |
1967 |
Awarded jointly to: Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald and Ragnar Granit for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye. |
1966 |
One half awarded to: Peyton Rous for his discovery of tumor-inducing viruses. |
and the other half to: Charles Brenton Huggins for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer. |
|
1965 |
Awarded jointly to: François Jacob, André Lwoff and Jacques Monod for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis. |
1964 |
Awarded jointly to: Konrad Bloch and Feodor Lynen for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. |
1963 |
Awarded jointly to: Sir John Carew Eccles, Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane. |
1962 |
Awarded jointly to: Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nuclear acids and its \nsignificance for information transfer in living material. |
1961 |
Awarded to: Georg Von Békésy for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea. |
1960 |
Awarded jointly to: Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet and Sir Peter Brian Medawar for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance. |
1959 |
Awarded jointly to: Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxiribonucleic acid. |
1958 |
One half awarded jointly to: George Wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events. |
and the other half to: Joshua Lederberg for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria. |
|
1957 |
Awarded to: Daniel Bovet for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles. |
1956 |
Awarded jointly to: André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann and Dickinson W. Richards for their discoveries concerning heart catherization and pathological changes in the circulatory system. |
1955 |
Awarded to: Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes. |
1954 |
Awarded jointly to: John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller and Frederick Chapman Robbins for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue. |
1953 |
One half awarded to: Sir Hans Adolf Krebs for his discovery of the citric acid cycle. |
and the other half to: Fritz Albert Lipmann for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism. |
|
1952 |
Awarded to: Selman Abraham Waksman for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis. |
1951 |
Awarded to: Max Theiler for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it. |
1950 |
Awarded jointly to: Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein and Philip Showalter Hench for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects. |
1949 |
One half awarded to: Walter Rudolf Hess for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs. |
and the other half to: Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses. |
|
1948 |
Awarded to: Paul Hermann Müller for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arth ropods. |
1947 |
One half awarded jointly to: Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori (née Radnitz) for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen. |
the other half awarded to: Bernardo Alberto Houssay for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar. |
|
1946 |
Awarded to: Hermann Joseph Muller for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation. |
1945 |
Awarded jointly to: Sir Ernst Boris Chain, Lord Howard Walter Florey and Sir Alexander Fleming for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases. |
1944 |
Awarded jointly to Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibers. |
1943 |
One half awarded to: Henrik Carl Peter Dam for his discovery of vitamin K. |
and the other half to: Edward Adelbert Doisy for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K. |
|
1942 |
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (one-third) and to the Special Fund (two-thirds) of this prize section. |
1941 |
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (one-third) and to the Special Fund (two-thirds) of this prize section. |
1940 |
The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (one-third) and to the Special Fund (two-thirds) of this prize section. |
1939 |
Awarded to: Gerhard Domagk for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil. (Caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award, but later received the diploma and the medal.). |
1938 |
Awarded to: Corneille Jean François Heymans for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration. |
1937 |
Awarded to: Albert Szent-Györgyi Von Nagyrapolt for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid. |
1936 |
Awarded jointly to: Sir Henry Hallett Dale and Otto Loewi for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses. |
1935 |
Awarded to: Hans Spermann for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development. |
1934 |
Awarded jointly to: George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot and William Parry Murphy for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia. |
1933 |
Awarded to: Thomas Hunt Morgan for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity. |
1932 |
Awarded jointly to: Sir Charles Scott Sherrington and Lord Edgar Douglas Adrian for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons. |
1931 |
Awarded to: Otto Heinrich Warburg for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme. |
1930 |
Awarded to: Karl Landsteiner for his discovery of human blood groups. |
1929 |
One half awarded to: Christiaan Eijkman for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin. |
and the other half awarded to: Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins. |
|
1928 |
Awarded to: Charles Jules Henri Nicolle for his work on typhus. |
1927 |
Awarded to: Julius Wagner-Jauregg for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica. See related AccessScience content: |
1926 |
Awarded to: Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma. See related AccessScience content: |
1925 |
The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
1924 |
Awarded to: Willem Einthoven for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram. |
1923 |
Awarded to: Sir Frederick Grant Banting and John James Richard Macleod for the discovery of insulin. |
1922 |
The prize was divided equally between: Sir Archibald Vivian Hill for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle and. |
and: Otto Fritz Meyerhof for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactid acid in the muscle. |
|
1921 |
The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. |
1920 |
Awarded to: Schack August Steenberger Krogh for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism. |
1919 |
Awarded to: Jules Bordet for his discoveries relating to immunity. |
1918 |
The prize was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.. |
1917 |
The prize was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.. |
1916 |
The prize was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.. |
1915 |
The prize was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.. |
1914 |
Awarded to: Robert Bárány for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus. |
1913 |
Awarded to: Charles Robert Richet in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis. |
1912 |
Awarded to: Alexis Carrel in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood-vessels and organs. |
1911 |
Awarded to: Allvar Gullstrand for his work on the dioptrics of the eye. |
1910 |
Awarded to: Albrecht Kossel in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances. |
1909 |
Awarded to: Emil Theodor Kocher for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland. |
1908 |
Awarded jointly to: Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov and Paul Ehrlich in recognition of their work on immunity. |
1907 |
Awarded to: Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases. |
1906 |
Awarded jointly to: Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramon y Cajal in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system. |
1905 |
Awarded to: Robert Koch for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis. |
1904 |
Awarded to: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged. |
1903 |
Awarded to: Niels Ryberg Finsen in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science. |
1902 |
Awarded to: Sir Ronald Ross for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it. |
1901 |
Awarded to: Emil Adolf Von Behring for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths. |
